Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Short Questions | biology Class 11 CBSE

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Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Short Questions | biology Class 11 CBSE | ByteNotes.in

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Question 1

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What is the significance of the water canal system in sponges?

Water enters through minute pores called ostia into the central cavity called spongocoel and exits through the osculum.
The canal system helps in food gathering by filtering food particles from water passing through choanocytes.
It also facilitates respiratory exchange (intake of oxygen) and removal of waste products from the body.

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Question 2

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Distinguish between open and closed types of circulatory systems with one example each.

In an open circulatory system, blood is pumped out of the heart and cells and tissues are directly bathed in it; seen in Arthropoda.
In a closed circulatory system, blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins, capillaries); seen in Annelida.
The closed system ensures more efficient and controlled distribution of nutrients and gases compared to the open system.

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Question 3

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What is mesoglea and in which organisms is it found?

Mesoglea is an undifferentiated, jelly-like layer present between the ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic animals.
It is found in coelenterates (Cnidaria), which are diploblastic animals having only two true embryonic germ layers.
Mesoglea provides structural support and is distinct from the true mesoderm found in triploblastic animals.

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Question 4

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What is metamerism? Give one example of an animal exhibiting it.

Metamerism is the phenomenon in which the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs.
This body organisation is called metameric segmentation and the segments are also called metameres.
Earthworm (Pheretima) is a classic example of metameric segmentation, and it is the first phylum (Annelida) where true metamerism appears.

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Question 5

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What are cnidoblasts? State their functions in Coelenterata.

Cnidoblasts (also called cnidocytes) are specialised cells present on the tentacles and body of cnidarians that contain stinging capsules called nematocysts.
They are used for anchorage of the animal to a substrate, particularly in sessile polyp forms like Hydra.
They also serve in defense against predators and in the capture of prey by injecting paralyzing toxins through the nematocysts.

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Question 6

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How does the notochord differ from the vertebral column in chordates?

The notochord is a mesodermally derived, rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in all chordates.
In members of subphylum Vertebrata, the notochord is present only during the embryonic period and is subsequently replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.
In protochordates (Urochordata and Cephalochordata), the notochord may persist throughout life or be limited to the larval stage, with no vertebral column forming.

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Question 7

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What are flame cells? In which phylum are they found and what is their role?

Flame cells are specialised excretory cells found in members of phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms).
They help in osmoregulation by regulating the water and salt balance within the body.
They also assist in excretion by collecting and expelling metabolic waste products from the body, functioning as a primitive excretory system.

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Question 8

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Differentiate between polyp and medusa body forms in Coelenterata.

Polyp is a sessile (fixed), cylindrical body form seen in cnidarians such as Hydra and Adamsia, attached to the substrate at one end.
Medusa is a free-swimming, umbrella-shaped body form seen in cnidarians such as Aurelia (jellyfish), floating freely in water.
Some cnidarians like Obelia exhibit both forms alternately in a life cycle, a phenomenon called metagenesis or alternation of generations.

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Question 9

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What is the water vascular system and in which phylum is it found?

The water vascular system is a unique hydraulic system found exclusively in members of phylum Echinodermata.
It is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms and consists of a network of water-filled canals.
It helps in locomotion of the animal, capture and transport of food, and also plays a role in respiration.

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Question 10

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Why are Arthropoda considered the most successful group of animals?

Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animalia, with over two-thirds of all named species on Earth being arthropods.
Their success is attributed to a protective chitinous exoskeleton that prevents desiccation, provides structural support, and acts as armour against predators.
Jointed appendages have been adapted for diverse functions like walking, swimming, flying, and feeding, enabling colonisation of virtually every habitat on Earth.

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Question 11

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State two differences between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous endoskeleton and are exclusively marine, whereas Osteichthyes have a bony endoskeleton and are found in both marine and freshwater habitats.
Chondrichthyes lack an air bladder (hence must swim constantly to avoid sinking), while Osteichthyes possess an air bladder that regulates buoyancy.
Gill slits in Chondrichthyes are separate and lack an operculum, whereas in Osteichthyes, four pairs of gills are covered by an operculum on each side.

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Question 12

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What is bioluminescence? In which phylum is it prominently seen?

Bioluminescence is the property of a living organism to produce and emit light, usually as a result of a chemical reaction within the body.
It is well-marked in members of phylum Ctenophora, commonly called sea walnuts or comb jellies.
Bioluminescence in ctenophores is thought to serve as a communication signal, a defense mechanism, or for attracting prey in the deep sea environment.

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Question 13

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How does respiration occur in Class Amphibia?

Amphibians are unique in using three modes of respiration depending on their life stage and environment.
Respiration occurs through gills in aquatic larval stages (tadpoles), through lungs in the terrestrial adult stage, and through the moist skin at all life stages.
This triple mode of respiration reflects their adaptation to both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, which is the defining feature of the class.

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Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom | Short Questions

What is the significance of the water canal system in sponges?

Distinguish between open and closed types of circulatory systems with one example each.

What is mesoglea and in which organisms is it found?

What is metamerism? Give one example of an animal exhibiting it.

What are cnidoblasts? State their functions in Coelenterata.

How does the notochord differ from the vertebral column in chordates?

What are flame cells? In which phylum are they found and what is their role?

Differentiate between polyp and medusa body forms in Coelenterata.

What is the water vascular system and in which phylum is it found?

Why are Arthropoda considered the most successful group of animals?

State two differences between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

What is bioluminescence? In which phylum is it prominently seen?

How does respiration occur in Class Amphibia?

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