Chapter nature-and-significance-of-management: Nature and Significance of Management Short Questions | business studies Class 12 CBSE

Chapter nature-and-significance-of-management: Nature and Significance of Management Short Questions | business studies Class 12 CBSE | ByteNotes.in

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Question 1

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Define management and explain the meaning of 'effectiveness' as used in its definition.

Management is the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently.
Effectiveness means doing the right task, completing activities, and achieving the stated goals of the organisation.
It is concerned with the end result — whether or not the task has been accomplished — rather than the cost at which it was done.

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Question 2

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Distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency in management.

Effectiveness means completing the given task and achieving goals — it focuses on the end result, i.e., whether the goal was achieved.
Efficiency means doing the task correctly with minimum cost — it focuses on the relationship between inputs used and outputs produced.
A manager may be effective (achieving the target) but not efficient (at a high cost), or efficient but not effective (cutting costs but not meeting targets); good management requires both.

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Question 3

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Why is management described as a goal-oriented process?

Management is goal-oriented because it aims at guiding the efforts of different individuals towards achieving common organisational goals.
Every organisation has specific goals — a retail store may aim to increase sales while The Spastics Society of India aims to educate children with special needs.
Management unites the efforts of diverse individuals in the organisation to ensure these goals are achieved effectively and efficiently.

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Question 4

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What is meant by saying management is 'all-pervasive'?

Management is all-pervasive because the activities involved in managing are common to all organisations — economic, social, or political.
A petrol pump needs to be managed as much as a hospital or a school; management is required in all types of organisations regardless of size or purpose.
What managers do across different countries — India, USA, Germany — is essentially the same, though how they do it may differ due to cultural and historical differences.

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Question 5

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Explain management as a multidimensional concept.

Management is multidimensional because it involves three main dimensions: management of work, management of people, and management of operations.
Management of work translates organisational work into goals, decisions, plans, budgets, and assigned responsibilities.
Management of people deals with employees as individuals and as groups, making their strengths effective; management of operations handles the production process that transforms inputs into desired outputs.

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Question 6

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How does management function as a dynamic force?

Management is dynamic because it must adapt itself to the constantly changing external environment — social, economic, and political factors.
An organisation must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the environment to remain successful.
For example, McDonalds, the fast food giant, made major changes to its menu to survive and compete in the Indian market.

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Question 7

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What are the three types of objectives management seeks to achieve?

The three types of objectives management seeks to achieve are organisational objectives, social objectives, and personal or individual objectives.
Organisational objectives include survival, profit, and growth — they ensure the maximum utilisation of human and material resources.
Social objectives involve benefits for society such as environmental responsibility and employment; personal objectives involve reconciling individual employee needs with organisational goals.

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Question 8

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Explain the organisational objective of 'growth' in management.

Growth as an organisational objective means adding to the long-run prospects of the business — management must exploit fully the growth potential of the organisation.
Growth can be measured in terms of sales volume increase, increase in the number of employees, number of products, or increase in capital investment.
Management must pursue growth strategies while ensuring survival and profitability to remain competitive in the industry.

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Question 9

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State any two reasons why management is important for an organisation.

Management helps in achieving group goals by giving a common direction to individual effort and ensuring coordination towards the overall organisational objective.
Management increases efficiency by reducing costs and increasing productivity through better planning, organising, directing, staffing, and controlling activities.
Management also creates a dynamic organisation by helping people adapt to change, maintaining the organisation's competitive edge in a constantly shifting environment.

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Question 10

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Management is considered an intangible force. Explain this characteristic.

Management is described as an intangible force because it cannot be seen or touched — it is not a physical entity that can be directly observed.
However, its presence is felt in the way the organisation functions — in whether targets are met according to plans.
When employees are happy and satisfied and there is orderliness instead of chaos in the organisation, the positive effect of good management is clearly noticeable.

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Question 11

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What are the basic features of art? How does management satisfy them?

The basic features of art are: existence of theoretical knowledge, personalised application of that knowledge, and practice with creativity.
Management satisfies these because there is a large body of theoretical knowledge in areas like marketing, finance, and human resources that managers specialise in.
Managers apply this knowledge in a personalised and creative manner in each unique situation, and achieve perfection through long practice — just as artists do.

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Question 12

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State the basic features of science. Does management qualify as an exact science?

The basic features of science are: a systematised body of knowledge, principles based on experimentation, and universal validity of those principles.
Management has a systematised body of knowledge and its principles have evolved through observation and experimentation in different organisations.
However, management cannot be called an exact science because it deals with human behaviour — outcomes cannot be accurately predicted or replicated, making it an inexact science.

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Question 13

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Why is management said to be both an art and a science?

Management is a science because it has a systematised body of knowledge with principles developed through observation and experimentation, used to guide managerial decisions.
Management is an art because applying those principles requires skill, creativity, and personal judgement — different managers apply the same principles in different ways.
Art and science in management are not mutually exclusive but complement each other: the practice of management is an art, while the principles underlying that practice constitute its science.

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Chapter nature-and-significance-of-management: Nature and Significance of Management | Short Questions

Define management and explain the meaning of 'effectiveness' as used in its definition.

Distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency in management.

Why is management described as a goal-oriented process?

What is meant by saying management is 'all-pervasive'?

Explain management as a multidimensional concept.

How does management function as a dynamic force?

What are the three types of objectives management seeks to achieve?

Explain the organisational objective of 'growth' in management.

State any two reasons why management is important for an organisation.

Management is considered an intangible force. Explain this characteristic.

What are the basic features of art? How does management satisfy them?

State the basic features of science. Does management qualify as an exact science?

Why is management said to be both an art and a science?

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