Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants Short Questions | biology Class 11 CBSE

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Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants Short Questions | biology Class 11 CBSE | ByteNotes.in

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Question 1

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What is the stomatal apparatus? Name its components.

The stomatal apparatus is the collective structural unit comprising the stomatal aperture, the two guard cells enclosing the pore, and the surrounding subsidiary cells.
Guard cells are bean-shaped in most plants but dumb-bell shaped in grasses; they possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal pore.
Subsidiary cells are specialised epidermal cells adjacent to guard cells that differ in shape and size from ordinary epidermal cells and assist in stomatal function.

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Question 2

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Differentiate between open and closed vascular bundles.

Open vascular bundles contain cambium present between the xylem and phloem; this cambium enables the formation of secondary xylem and phloem, allowing secondary growth.
Closed vascular bundles lack cambium between xylem and phloem; therefore, they cannot form secondary tissues and do not undergo secondary growth.
Open vascular bundles are found in dicotyledonous stems, while closed vascular bundles are characteristic of monocotyledonous stems.

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Question 3

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What are trichomes? State their function.

Trichomes are epidermal hairs found on the shoot system (stem), and they are usually multicellular, unlike the unicellular root hairs.
They may be branched or unbranched, soft or stiff, and some trichomes are secretory in nature, releasing various substances.
The primary function of trichomes is to help prevent water loss due to transpiration by reducing air movement near the leaf surface.

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Question 4

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What are Casparian strips? Where are they found and what is their significance?

Casparian strips are bands of water-impermeable, waxy material called suberin deposited on the tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells in roots.
They are found in the endodermis, which forms the innermost layer of the cortex in roots.
Casparian strips prevent free movement of water and dissolved minerals through the cell walls, forcing all substances to pass through the living cytoplasm of endodermal cells, thus regulating the entry of materials into the stele.

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Question 5

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Name the three tissue systems in flowering plants and state where each is located.

The epidermal tissue system forms the outermost covering of the entire plant body and includes epidermal cells, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
The ground or fundamental tissue system constitutes all tissues except the epidermis and vascular bundles; it forms the bulk of the plant body including cortex, pith, and mesophyll.
The vascular or conducting tissue system consists of xylem and phloem forming vascular bundles that run through the roots, stems, and leaves.

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Question 6

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Distinguish between radial and conjoint vascular bundles.

In radial vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are arranged alternately along different radii of the vascular bundle; this arrangement is characteristic of roots.
In conjoint vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius of the vascular bundle, and phloem is typically on the outer side of xylem.
Conjoint bundles are common in stems and leaves, while radial bundles occur in roots — this difference reflects the distinct functional demands of these organs.

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Question 7

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What is the stele? Name the tissues that constitute it.

The stele refers to all tissues located on the inner side of the endodermis in the root.
It consists of the pericycle, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem), and the pith.
The pericycle within the stele is particularly significant as it gives rise to lateral roots and initiates vascular cambium during secondary growth.

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Question 8

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How does the monocot root differ from the dicot root in terms of xylem and pith?

Dicot roots usually have two to four xylem bundles arranged in a radial pattern, whereas monocot roots are polyarch and typically have more than six xylem bundles.
The pith in dicot roots is small or inconspicuous due to the large central xylem, while the pith in monocot roots is large and well developed.
Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo secondary growth, whereas dicotyledonous roots can develop secondary xylem and phloem through cambial activity.

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Question 9

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What is the hypodermis? How does it differ between dicot and monocot stems?

Hypodermis is the layer of cells present just below the epidermis in the stem, forming the outermost zone of the cortex.
In dicotyledonous stems, the hypodermis consists of collenchymatous cells that provide mechanical support to the young, soft stem.
In monocotyledonous stems, the hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, providing a rigid mechanical sheath that supports the typically unbranched, tall monocot stem.

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Question 10

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Why is the endodermis of the dicot stem referred to as the starch sheath?

The endodermis in the dicot stem is called the starch sheath because its cells are densely filled with starch grains.
This distinguishes the endodermis of the stem from that of the root, where endodermal cells are characterised by Casparian strips rather than starch accumulation.
The starch-rich endodermis serves as a storage zone and also marks the boundary between the cortex and the stele in the stem.

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Question 11

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Describe the arrangement of vascular bundles in the dicot stem.

In the dicot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring — this ring arrangement is the defining anatomical characteristic of a dicotyledonous stem.
Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open (with cambium between xylem and phloem), and endarch (protoxylem faces the centre).
Medullary rays consisting of a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells are present between adjacent vascular bundles.

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Question 12

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What are bulliform cells? What is their role in grasses?

Bulliform cells are large, empty, colourless adaxial epidermal cells present along the veins in the leaves of grasses.
When these cells absorb water and become turgid, the leaf surface remains flat and exposed to sunlight, facilitating photosynthesis.
When the bulliform cells lose water and become flaccid during water stress, they cause the leaf to curl inwards, thereby minimising water loss by transpiration.

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Question 13

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How does the mesophyll of a dorsiventral leaf differ from that of an isobilateral leaf?

In a dorsiventral (dicot) leaf, the mesophyll is differentiated into two distinct zones: adaxially placed palisade parenchyma (elongated, tightly packed cells) and abaxially placed spongy parenchyma (loosely arranged oval cells with air spaces).
In an isobilateral (monocot) leaf, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma — the cells are more uniform throughout the tissue.
This difference reflects the dorsiventral symmetry of dicot leaves versus the isobilateral symmetry of monocot leaves, where both surfaces are anatomically similar.

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Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants | Short Questions

What is the stomatal apparatus? Name its components.

Differentiate between open and closed vascular bundles.

What are trichomes? State their function.

What are Casparian strips? Where are they found and what is their significance?

Name the three tissue systems in flowering plants and state where each is located.

Distinguish between radial and conjoint vascular bundles.

What is the stele? Name the tissues that constitute it.

How does the monocot root differ from the dicot root in terms of xylem and pith?

What is the hypodermis? How does it differ between dicot and monocot stems?

Why is the endodermis of the dicot stem referred to as the starch sheath?

Describe the arrangement of vascular bundles in the dicot stem.

What are bulliform cells? What is their role in grasses?

How does the mesophyll of a dorsiventral leaf differ from that of an isobilateral leaf?

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